英語介詞的使用

英語的介詞使用廣泛而搭配多樣，它們表達(dá)與句子中其它單詞的關(guān)系。介詞本身如，in或after若不和其它單詞搭配，很難定義其含義。因此必須是一個(gè)介詞短語才有意義。

我們用教授的desk為例來描述介詞的功能。

Theprofessorcansitbeforethedesk(orinfrontofthedesk).

Theprofessorcansitonthedesk(whenhe'sbeinginformal)orbehindthedesk,andthenhisfeetareunderthedeskorbeneaththedesk.

Hecanstandbesidethedesk(meaningnexttothedesk).

Hecanstandbeforethedesk.

Hecanstandbetweenthedeskandyou.

Theprofessorcanevenstandonthedesk(ifhe'sreallystrange).

Ifhe'sclumsy,hecanbumpintothedeskortrytowalkthroughthedesk(andstuffwouldfalloffthedesk).

Passinghishandsoverthedeskorrestinghiselbowsuponthedesk,heoftenlooksacrossthedeskandspeaksofthedeskorconcerningthedeskasiftherewerenothingelselikethedesk.

Becausehethinksofnothingexceptthedesk,sometimesyouwonderaboutthedesk,what'sinthedesk,whathepaidforthedesk,andifhecouldlivewithoutthedesk.

Youcanwalktowardthedesk,tothedesk,aroundthedesk,bythedesk,andevenpastthedeskwhilehesitsatthedeskorleansagainstthedesk.上面藍(lán)色的單詞都是介詞，都是表達(dá)了與桌子的關(guān)系?？吹竭@么多介詞在英語中表示與桌子的關(guān)系是不是很吃驚？這些介詞的搭配對(duì)于歐美國家說英語的人習(xí)以為常，但對(duì)我們這些把英語當(dāng)外語學(xué)習(xí)的人的確是個(gè)挑戰(zhàn)。

所有這些的發(fā)生都和時(shí)間有關(guān):duringtheclass,beforetheclass,untiltheclass,throughouttheclass,aftertheclass,等等。

看下面的例子，即便同樣的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，可能介詞短語不同：

Weareatthehospitaltovisitafriendwhoisinthehospital.

Welieinbedbutwelieonthecouch.

Wewatchafilmatthetheaterbutwewatchafilmontelevision.

表達(dá)時(shí)間的介詞:at,on,andin

用at指代特定的時(shí)間

Thetrainisdueat12:15p.m.

用on指定特定的一天或日期

Weuseontodesignatedaysanddates.MybrotheriscomingonMonday.We'rehavingapartyontheFourthofJuly.

用in表達(dá)年、季節(jié)、一天的某段時(shí)間。Shelikestojoginthemorning.It'stoocoldinwintertorunoutside.Hestartedthejobin1971.He'sgoingtoquitinAugust.

表達(dá)地點(diǎn)的介詞at,on,andin

我們用at代表具體的地點(diǎn)：Boblivesat55BoretzRoadinDurham.

我們用on來指代街道、馬路的名稱。HerhouseisonBoretzRoad.

我們用in來表達(dá)某個(gè)地區(qū)。ShelivesinDurham.DurhamisinWindhamCounty.WindhamCountyisinConnecticut.

表達(dá)位置的介詞：in,at,andon或沒有介詞

IN(the)bed*thebedroomthecar(the)class*thelibrary*school*

ATclass*homethelibrary*theofficeschool*work

ONthebed*theceilingthefloorthehorsetheplanethetrain

NOPREPOSITIONdownstairsdowntowninsideoutsideupstairsuptown

表達(dá)運(yùn)動(dòng)的介詞:toTheyweredrivingtoworktogether.She'sgoingtothedentist'sofficethismorning.

Toward和towards也是有用的介詞表達(dá)運(yùn)動(dòng)，意思相同，知識(shí)拼寫不同，用哪一個(gè)取決于哪個(gè)在句子中發(fā)音順口。We'removingtowardthelight.Thisisabigsteptowardstheproject'scompletion.

若有home,downtown,uptown,inside,outside,downstairs,upstairs,等這類詞，不需要介詞。GrandmawentupstairsGrandpawenthome.Theybothwentoutside.

時(shí)間相連的介詞:forandsince

我們用for來衡量時(shí)間的的長短：Heheldhisbreathforsevenminutes.She'slivedthereforsevenyears.TheBritishandIrishhavebeenquarrelingforsevencenturies.

我們用since和一個(gè)特定的時(shí)間或日期相連.He'sworkedheresince1970.She'sbeensittinginthewaitingroomsincetwo-thirty.

介詞與名詞、形容詞、副詞搭配

當(dāng)介詞與名詞或形容詞等搭配時(shí)候，往往約定熟成，稱為固定搭配，構(gòu)成了一個(gè)單詞或詞組。

名詞與介詞的組合

approvalofawarenessofbeliefinconcernforconfusionaboutdesirefor

fondnessforgraspofhatredofhopeforinterestinloveof

needforparticipationinreasonforrespectforsuccessinunderstandingof

形容詞與介詞的組合

afraidofangryatawareofcapableofcarelessaboutfamiliarwith

fondofhappyaboutinterestedinjealousofmadeofmarriedto

proudofsimilartosorryforsureoftiredofworriedabout

動(dòng)詞與介詞的組合

apologizeforaskaboutaskforbelongtobringupcareforfindout

giveupgrowuplookforlookforwardtolookupmakeuppayfor

prepareforstudyfortalkaboutthinkabouttrustinworkforworryabout

介詞與動(dòng)詞結(jié)合形成的慣用法

agreetoaproposal,agreewithaperson,agreeonaprice,agreeinprincipleargueaboutamatter,arguewithaperson,fororagainstapropositioncomparetocomparewithcorrespondtoathing,correspondwithapersondifferfromdifferwithapersonliveatanaddress,liveinahouseorcity,liveonastreet,withotherpeople

下面請(qǐng)你練習(xí)，在空白內(nèi)填入合適的介詞,答案在后。

Wemayplayfootball.Itdepends______theweather.2.Wewanttoseeabigincrease--________productivity.3.Excuseme,sir.Youhaven’tpaid______yourdrink.4.Hiswifeissuffering_______hepatitis.5.Ihatethethought______goingbacktowork.6.Iamsorry_____________breakingyourwindow.7.Whoisresponsible_______theshoppingthisweek?8.Youremindme_______aboyIwasatschoolwith.9.Iampleased_________myexamresults.10.Thenoisefromupstairspreventedme_______sleeping.11.Sheinsisted_______payingforthedrinks.12.Iamhavingdifficulty_______myvisaprocessing.

答案

1.Wemayplayfootball.Itdependsontheweather.2.Wewanttoseeabigincreaseinproductivity.3.Excuseme,sir.Youhaven’tpaidforyourdrink.4.Hiswifeissufferingfromhepatitis.5.Ihatethethoughtofgoingbacktowork.6.Iamsorryfor/aboutbreakingyourwindow.7.Whoisresponsiblefortheshoppingthisweek?8.YouremindmeofaboyIwasatschoolwith.9.Iampleasedwith/about/atmyexamresults.10.Thenoisefromupstairspreventedmefromsleeping.11.Sheinsistedonpayingforthedrinks.12.Iamhavingdifficultywithmyvisaprocessing.